Ideological belief systems arise from epistemic, existential, and relational motives to reduce uncertainty, threat, and social discord. The Backlash Avoidance Model applies self-regulatory theory (Crowe & Higgins, 1997) to actors ability to perform effectively in atypical domains. In essence, people will judge events that are more likely as more desirable than events that are less likely. Recent theory and research under the umbrella of system justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994), however, suggest that people seek to maintain views of their social systems and their attendant norms, rules, and social structuresas WebSystem justification theory and research: Implications for law, legal advocacy, and social justice.California Law Review, 94, 1119-1168. According to system justification theory (SJT), individuals who endorse strong system-justifying ideologies regard the current status quo as legitimate and fair. One can disarm the sting of loneliness by not resisting it. S2 E16: System Justification The disadvantaged dont make the world, they cope with it Thus, fundamentalists are likely to psychologically depend on this religious ideological system or group. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. It captures social and psychological needs to support the status quo and see it as good, fair, natural, desirable and even inevitable. Studies conducted in New Zealand and the U.S. demonstrated that Whites in both countries who scored higher (vs. lower) on general system justification identified more strongly with their own ethnic groups, experienced less system-based anger, supported politically conservative social movements, such as the MAGA movement, and opposed system-challenging collective action on behalf of the disadvantaged, such as the Black Lives Matter movement. System justification theory attempts to explain why members of disadvantaged groups may become accepting of their disadvantaged position (Jost & Banaji, 1994). [3] Because people have this need to believe the current prevailing system is legitimate and the way it is for a reason, when presented with instances where this might threaten that, people sometimes respond with more justifications to maintain the legitimacy of the system or status quo. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 498-509. Why Is Conspiratorial Thinking More Popular on the Right? When societal systems are unstable and in flux, doubts about the legitimacy of the proposed changes are likely to arise (Jackman, 1994). These theoretical perspectives thus make opposing predictions about the relationship between uncertainty and fundamentalism. Laurie A. Rudman, Julie E. Phelan, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2012. [32] Specifically, those who were more conservative were "associated with greater neural sensitivity to threat and larger amygdala volume, as well as less sensitivity to response conflict and smaller anterior cingulate volume," compared to those who were more liberal. Psychological Science, 29, 483-495. In addition, Haines and Jost (2000) argue that members of a marginalized group are likely to rationalize the status quo by providing pseudo-explanations for power differences between groups that will (1) increase the use of stereotypes to rationalize differences and (2) lead members of disadvantaged groups to express more positive affect concerning their situation. SJT defines conservative ideology in terms of elements of individuals resistance to change and the acceptance of inequality, and studies of SJT have shown that this definition is empirically plausible when psychological concepts are used (see Jost, 2018 for In the middle of the 16th century, a 22-year-old law student in France named Etienne de la Botie wrote an essay entitled "Discourse of Voluntary Servitude" that was circulated among academics for centuries. System justification theory (SJT) is a psychology theory broad stating that individuals support and maintain the current soci al system even if doing so is against their personal or group interest (Jost and Banaji 1994). Need for order and stability, and thus resistance to change or alternatives, for example, can be a motivator for individuals to see the status quo as good, legitimate, and even desirable.

SJT assumes that people will be most likely to resolve their cognitive dissonance and associated uncertainties in the first way, by supporting social systems, when they feel that the system is stable and unchangeable (cf. John T. Jost is Professor of Psychology, Politics, and Data Science and Codirector of the Center for Social and Political Behavior at New York University. WebSystem justification theory suggests that people are motivated to accept and perpetuate features of existing social arrangements, even if those features were 60 Napier, Mandisodza, Andersen, and Jost words, the theory posits that people support, defend, and bolster the status quo simply because it exists. Individuals with a high social dominance orientation (SDO) will hold myths that tend to be hierarchy enhancing, which justify an in-group's place and their relation to it. System-justifying belief was measured with the eight-item System Justification Scale (Cronbachs = .86) developed by Kay and Jost (2003). When people perceive threats to the predominant system, they are more inclined to cling to and back the existing structure, and one way of doing so is by means of endorsing stereotypes that rationalize inequality. [3][5], This theory has widely been compared to system justification theory since they are both system justifying theories. [3] Why do we so often defend the very social systems that The above findings may be explained by System Justification Theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994) which holds that people are motivated to support the existing political and ideological system, and sometimes will do even if it harms their individual or group interests. (2020). Jost, J.T., & Banaji, M.R. If system justificationincluding justification of the capitalist systemserves underlying epistemic, existential, and relational needs for certainty, security, and social conformity, it becomes easier to understand why conservative attitudes are common even among those who lack a self-interested basis for those attitudes.
In short, I can think of no more timely or valuable book. Why do some in the working class vote against their economic interests? Many studies on SDO have linked it to anti-Black and anti-Arab prejudice, sexism, nationalism, opposition to gay rights, and other attitudes concerning social hierarchies. Similarly, others have demonstrated the role of perceived powerlessness as a factor underlying system justifying beliefs among the disadvantaged (van der Toorn et al., 2015). A quarter century of system justification theory: Questions, answers, criticisms, and societal applications.

This is true for both the ingroup and outgroup. One of the things we have discovered is that political conservatives (and people who identify as rightist rather than leftist) almost always score higher on the general system justification scale. John T Jost, in Current Opinion in Psychology, 2017. Generally, the status quo bias refers to a tendency to prefer the default or established option when making choices. [2][10], Thus, it is expected that when motivation to justify the system or status quo increases and it is perceived to be more legitimate, high status group members will also display increased ingroup favoritism, while low status group members will display increased outgroup favoritism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 244-269. Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. In national surveys, we find that U.S. citizens who score higher on economic system justification tend to be older, wealthier, more religious, and to score higher on both general and gender-specific forms of system justification. His research has earned numerous prizes, including the Morton Deutsch Award for Distinguished Scholarly and Practical Contributions to Social Justice from Columbia University. One consequence of the system-justifying motivation, is the rationalization of desirability of likely versus less-likely events.

Devon Proudfoot, Aaron C. Kay, in Research in Organizational Behavior, 2014.

In contemporary social psychology, these issues are addressed most directly by system justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994), which suggests that people are motivated, often at a nonconscious level of awareness, to legitimize aspects of the societal status quo, including existing inequalities (Jost, Banaji, et al., 2004; Liviatan & Jost, 2014). In countries as diverse as the United States, United Kingdom, Argentina, New Zealand, Lebanon, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Latvia, we see a significant positive correlation between conservative/rightist orientation and general system justification. WebA Theory of System Justification - John T. Jost 2020-07-14 A leading psychologist explains why nearly all of usincluding many of those who are persecuted and powerlessso often defend the social systems that cause misery and injustice. WebUnited Kingdom. WebJost, J. T., Pelham, B. W., & Carvallo, M. R. (2002). WebIn A Theory of System Justification, John Jost argues that we are motivated to defend the status quo because doing so serves fundamental psychological needs for Although the notion of an authoritarian personality has fallen out of research favor, vestiges of this personality-based theory of prejudice still remain in more current work, such as work on social dominance orientation (SDO) and system justification theory (SJT). J. Soc. For centuries scholars and literary figures have revisited de la Boties questions about why people submit willingly, even enthusiastically, to the humiliations of the powerful. His description of voluntary servitude, sometimes referred to as self-domination, has much in common with Marxian concepts of ideological hegemony and false consciousness. However, disconfirming stereotypes on one dimension does not erase other category-based evaluations. Journal of Social Issues, 75, 49-88. Researchers who have studied these reactions, found that the slow and inefficient response of relief efforts were perceived by some to expose governmental shortcomings, call into question the legitimacy of agency leadership, and highlight racial inequality in America.[23] These perceptions indirectly brought a threat to the legitimacy of the U.S. government (i.e. These efforts resulted in the rather simplistic assertion that Whites were superior intellectually, and that prejudice was a natural response to inferior races. Converse, P. E. (1964). [13], As previously stated, people are motivated by the desire for ego-justification and group-justification to view themselves and their group positively (which can manifest through feelings of self-esteem and value). At that time, prejudice was largely considered pathological, leading researchers to identify personality factors that underlie such prejudicial beliefs. What were the results? Rather, perceivers view an actor who disconfirms stereotypes (especially their status-related components) as violating prescriptive and/or proscriptive rules; as a result, perceivers feel justified in unleashing their prejudices and punishing the atypical actor. Psychol., 33, 1) in the British Journal of Social Psychology to explain the participation by disadvantaged individuals and groups in negative stereotypes of themselves' and the phenomenon of outgroup favouritism. Consistent with system justification theory, we observed that religiosity and political conservatism were positively associated with general and economic forms of system justification as well as support for the sectarian political system in Lebanon. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC. Therefore, as the advantaged groups, holding positive regard for the self and group corresponds readily with believing the status quo is legitimate. Such rationalization for inequality via stereotyping is said to be what makes political conservatives happier than liberals. In other words, prejudice was inextricably linked to the individual. [3] System justification theorists argue that this is an example or manifestation of how some people have unconsciously absorbed, processed, and attempted to cope with existing inequalitiesmore specifically, one's own disadvantaged position in the social hierarchy. We begin by specifically highlighting System Justification Theory's implications for: organizational change, employee citizenship behaviors, and integration of a diverse workforce. In particular, the concept of false consciousness, in which the dominant group in society believes their dominance to be destined, can help to inform why certain members of disadvantage groups sometimes engage in outgroup favoritism. Grounded in cognitive dissonance, social identity theory, In contrast, fundamentalists may not depend strongly on their broader sociopolitical systeminstead, they often rely on themselves and their religious group members for essential services (e.g., homeschooling children rather than sending them to school, or preferring religious charity to government-provided welfare; Belcher, Fandetti, & Cole, 2004; Kunzman, 2010). Researchers have also linked political conservatism with system justification, in that conservatism is associated with upholding tradition and resistance to change, which is similar to justifying the status quo (or current state of social, political, and economic norms). They are less supportive of system-challenging social movements associated with feminism, environmentalism, Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, and LGBTQ+ rights, compared to those who score low on economic system justification. For those seeking a better grasp of the times in which he live, Josts book is appointment reading. It proposes that people have several underlying needs, which vary from individual to individual, that can be satisfied by the defense and justification of the status quo, even when the system may be disadvantageous to certain people. Thus, our psychological dependence on the capitalist systemand the concomitant motivation to justify itmay be contributing to inaction when it comes to climate change (Jost, 2020). Vivienne Badaan, John T Jost, in Current Opinion in Psychology, 2020. Researchers continue to debate whether stereotypes are accurate (e.g., Judd & Park, 1993; Jussim, 1991; see Fiske, 1998, for a review). Thus, true individuationby which an individual completely escapes any category-based judgments from othersmay be rare. As a result of this system threat, researchers found that people tended to restore legitimacy to the system through utilizing stereotypes and victim blaming. In a scholarly approach, he compares and from the toward the in Germany have published the Article: religiosity are often more powerful predictors of economic system support than subjective Religiosity are often more powerful predictors of economic system support than subjective or objective indicators of material interests How Sexual Desire Changes Throughout Marriage, Grandparent Alienation: A Loss Unlike Any Other, 3 Signs That a Relationship Is Based on Loneliness, Not Love, As You Grieve, Your Brain Redraws Its Neural Map, 2 Signs That You Are Toxic and How to Fix, How Doctors' Political Ideology Influences Patient Care, How Unjust Systems Are Created and Upheld. Although it is clear that people sometimes rebel against unjust manifestations of authority, the persistence of inequality and exploitation leads historians to conclude that, Rebellion is only an occasional reaction to suffering in human history; we have infinitely more instances of forbearance to exploitation, and submission to authority, than we have examples of revolt (Zinn, 2002). (1994). When subjects of both the Republican and Democratic parties were told, for example, that it was probable that one candidate would win over the other, people of both parties tended to rationalize support for the more likely winner. Advocates for social identity theory have argued that this critique is more a result of lack of research on outgroup favoritism rather than a limitation of social identity theory's theoretical framework.[6]. At the same time, there are potential costs associated with system justification tendencies. WebThis taxonomy, derived from system-justification theory (Jost, Ledgerwood, & Hardin, 2008), serves as a useful heuristic to classify the motives associated with conspir - acy belief. (2019). [2], Research has found that compensatory stereotypes might lead to increased justification of the status quo. As noted, a cognitive approach would posit that the dominance penalty toward women derives from perceptually contrasting agentic women with low-agency feminine stereotypes, resulting in extreme ratings on behaviors that are prototypical for leaders (Eagly et al., 1992; Manis et al., 1988). General system justification is typically measured explicitly with an 8-item survey that includes items such as, In general, you find society to be fair, Most policies serve the greater good, and Society is set up so that people usually get what they deserve (Kay & Jost, 2003). A Theory of System Justification will be a game-changer for lawyers, policymakers, activists, organizers, and anyone seeking to unearth the deeply rooted sources of our most profound social problems. The 1950s through early 1980s saw a cognitive revolution in which the dominant perspective was that stereotypes are cognitive-saving devices they were considered mental shortcuts used to make quick judgments or evaluations of social groups. Sexual orientation is about which sex youre attracted to, not whether you prefer the same or opposite sex. In the case of social identity theory, Tajfel (1975) absorbed much of this frame- work from Hirschman's (1970) rational choice analysis of exit versus loyalty. Self-subjugation among women: Exposure to sexist ideology, self-objectification, and the protective function of the need to avoid closure. John T Jost, Gyrgy Hunyady, in Research in Organizational Behavior, 2003. John T. Jost is Professor of Psychology, Politics, & Data Science and Co-Director of the Center for Social and Political Behavior at New York University. High gender system-justifiers score lower on egalitarianism and justice sensitivity, and they are relatively unsupportive of feminism, environmentalism, Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, and LGBTQ+ rights (Azevedo et al., 2017, 2019; Jost, 2019). The assumption has often been that if stereotypes are accurate, they cannot be unfair. But stereotypes, as the processes reviewed above establish, can unfairly create their own accuracy by inhibiting counterstereotypical behavior through social pressure. System justification theory (SJT) is a theory within social psychology that system-justifying beliefs serve a psychologically palliative function. Marx, S.J. It is difficult for people to perceive others de novo, without the use of stereotypic lenses. [31], Congruent with a broader trend toward neuroscience, current research on system justification has tested to see how this manifests in the brain. Azevedo, F., Jost, J.T., & Rothmund, T. (2017). In this research, we drew on system-justification theory and the notion that conservative ideology serves a palliative function to explain why conservatives are happier than liberals. They are also more likely to affiliate with the Republican Party and to score higher on symbolic (identification-based) and operational (issue-based) measures of social, economic, and political conservatism (Azevedo et al., 2017, 2019). John T Jost, Curtis D Hardin, in Current Opinion in Psychology, 2018. It was found that low status group members still exhibited outgroup favoritism (i.e. Theorists posit that this conflict of justification motives creates conflicting or mixed attitudes in low status groups as a result of being the disadvantaged group that does not necessarily benefit from the status quo. In defense of false consciousness. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 19-28. Intellectual Precursors, Major Postulates, and Practical Relevance of System Justification Theory. For example, when we showed research participants information from scientific experts about the magnitude of increases in global temperatures and rises in sea levels, high (vs. low) economic system-justifiers misremembered the numbers as lower than they actually were (Hennes et al., 2016). Indeed, the events of World War II sparked the development of theories focused on demonstrating that a certain type of person harbors these prejudicial beliefs. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Child Development at the Intersection of Race and SES, Advances in Child Development and Behavior, The Science of Religion, Spirituality, and Existentialism, Almond, Sivan, & Appleby, 1995; Emerson & Hartman, 2006, Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes (Racial Bias), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Second Edition), Brewer, 1988; Fiske & Neuberg, 1990; Kunda & Thagard, 1996, Allport, 1955; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Rohan, 2000, Heilman & Wallen, 2010; Phelan & Rudman, 2010a; Rudman & Fairchild, 2004; Moss-Racusin et al., 2010, Steele & Aronson, 1995; Steele, Spencer, & Aronson, 2002, FAIR MARKET IDEOLOGY: ITS COGNITIVE-MOTIVATIONAL UNDERPINNINGS, Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations, System justification in organizational contexts: How a Motivated preference for the status quo can affect organizational attitudes and behaviors. 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Badaan, john T Jost, in Current Opinion in Psychology, 2020 potential costs associated with system justification.... ) to actors ability to perform effectively in atypical domains Questions, answers, criticisms and! Of no more timely or valuable book among women: exposure to sexist ideology,,!, criticisms, and Practical Relevance of system justification theory since they are system... Will judge events that are less likely has earned numerous prizes, including the Morton Deutsch Award for Scholarly! Unfairly create their own accuracy by inhibiting counterstereotypical Behavior through Social pressure Behavior,.! Disarm the sting of loneliness by not resisting it has often been that if stereotypes are accurate, can! Questions, answers, criticisms, and societal applications refers to a tendency to prefer the or! 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