Together they had one son, Chester Alan Arthur, Jr., and one daughter, Ellen "Nell" Herndon Arthur. Of the nine accused, only two minor defendants are found guilty. in 1883. A small number of Arthur's papers survived and passed to his grandson. Before beginning school in Union Village (now Greenwich), New York, he studied the fundamentals of reading and writing at home. Without food or game, the men began to slowly starve to death. Typically, these jobs were dispensed to adherents of the political machine responsible for appointing the Collector. With great fanfare, the granite monument marking what was believed to have been the site of Chester A. Arthur's birth was dedicated in 1903 on land granted to the State of Vermont by Peter Bent Brigham Northrop. Updated: June 10, 2019 | Original: October 27, 2009. Four months into his term, President Garfield was shot by an assassin; he died 11 weeks later, and Arthur assumed the presidency. [201] To rejuvenate his health outside the confines of Washington, Arthur and some political friends traveled to Florida in April 1883. Arthur formally takes the oath of office in Washington, DC. His wife, a Virginian with family members in the Confederacy, could not tolerate the thought of her husband taking up arms against them. [132] Also, after Conkling's resignation, the Senate had adjourned without electing a president pro tempore, who would normally follow Arthur in the succession. [143] Frelinghuysen advised Arthur not to fill any future vacancies with Stalwarts, but when Postmaster General James resigned in January 1882, Arthur selected Timothy O. Howe, a Wisconsin Stalwart. [166] To their surprise, Arthur vetoed it and requested revisions, which they made and Arthur then approved. [59] Both children survived to adulthood. Arthur approved a measure in 1882 excluding paupers, criminals, and lunatics. Security, cloak room, two floors. Chester Arthur. [146] An 1882 trial of the ringleaders resulted in convictions for two minor conspirators and a hung jury for the rest. His son Washington took over, supervising the construction project that took thirteen years and more than $15 million to complete (three times as long and twice as expensive as had been anticipated). [108] Neither candidate commanded a majority of delegates and, deadlocked after thirty-six ballots, the convention turned to a dark horse, James A. Garfield, an Ohio Congressman and Civil War general who was neither Stalwart nor Half-Breed. It is estimated that more than twenty men were killed during the construction of the bridge, although records are debatable. Congress passes the so-called Mongrel Tariff Act, a complex tariff revision that reduces rates on various items by less than 2 percent; Arthur had lobbied Congress for a 20 to 25 percent cut on all items. During the process, more than 20 wagonloads of furnishings from previous presidential administrations were cleared out and auctioned off. Top of page. [149] In 1880, Democratic Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio introduced legislation that required selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an examination. The bridge was an engineering marvel, utilizing numerous construction techniques that had never before been attempted on such a massive scale. Congress passes the Edmunds Act, which excludes bigamists and polygamists from voting and holding office, and establishes a five-man Utah commission to supervise voting in the territory of Utah.
[44] At that time, the state was the scene of a brutal struggle between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces, and Arthur lined up firmly with the latter. Following a funeral in Manhattan, the former president was buried beside his wife in the Arthur family plot in the Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York. [90], Hayes further struck at the heart of the spoils system by issuing an executive order that forbade assessments, and barred federal office holders from "tak[ing] part in the management of political organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election campaigns. 1st EDITION was a BLAST! The act also forbade workers from being fired for political reasons and prohibited compulsory political donations from employees. [227] The statue was dedicated in 1899 and unveiled by Arthur's sister, Mary Arthur McElroy. - Facts & Biography, Thomas Jefferson's Role in the Revolutionary War, Thomas Jefferson: Inventions & Accomplishments, Thomas Jefferson's Home at Monticello: History & Facts, Monticello, Jefferson's Home: Architecture & Garden, Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: Relationship & Children, Thomas Jefferson: Domestic, Economic & Foreign Policies, Alexander Hamilton & Thomas Jefferson: Relationship & Differences, Thomas Jefferson & the Constitutional Convention, Thomas Jefferson & Religion: Views & Quotes, President Thomas Jefferson's Cabinet: Members & Overview, Thomas Jefferson & Benjamin Franklin: Relationship & Comparison, UExcel Workplace Communications with Computers: Study Guide & Test Prep, High School World History: Help and Review, 7th Grade World History: Enrichment Program, Developmental World History: Middle School, High School US History: Homeschool Curriculum, Middle School US History: Homeschool Curriculum, 6th Grade World History: Enrichment Program, 8th Grade World History: Enrichment Program, SAT Subject Test World History: Tutoring Solution, SAT Subject Test US History: Tutoring Solution, Chester A. Arthur: Facts, Accomplishments & Quotes, Chester A. Arthur Lesson for Kids: Biography & Facts, Alexander the Great: Biography, Conquests & Facts, Anaxagoras: Biography, Philosophy & Quotes, Clytemnestra of Greek Mythology: Character Analysis, Overview, Roman God Pluto of the Underworld: Facts & Overview, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Early in the Civil War he served as Quartermaster General of the State of New York. In conjunction with his secretary of the navy, William Eaton Chandler, Arthur recommended appropriations that would later help to transform the United States Navy into one of the worlds great fleets. [117], With the war fifteen years in the past and Union generals at the head of both tickets, the tactic was less effective than the Republicans hoped. However, after the Proteus dropped off the men and ample provisions, the ship immediately departed and left the expedition to fend for themselves. [44] He won the case, and the verdict led to the desegregation of the New York City streetcar lines.[44]. Chester, or Chet, as he was known, attended Union College in Schenectady, New York. All nine defendants are found not guilty. Culver's firm had achieved fame in 1852 when it supported a plea by a group of free blacks to liberate seven slaves. . Arthur issues a proclamation warning people not to settle on Oklahoma lands. Mary Ruth teaches college history and has a PhD. [175], Chandler appointed an advisory board to prepare a report on modernization, whose goal was to create a Navy that would protect America thousands of miles away, rather than just coastal waters. The Senate ratifies the Geneva Convention of 1864 for the care of wounded war personnel. [190] One crack in the solidly Democratic South emerged with the growth of a new party, the Readjusters, in Virginia. [110] Levi P. Morton, the first choice of Garfield's supporters, consulted with Conkling, who advised him to decline, which he did. May 11, 1886 Accepting the Statue of Liberty Cleveland recommends to Congress that the nation accept France's gift of the Statue of Liberty. The territory had been ceded to the United States by Russia in an 1867 treaty. In the general election, Garfield and Arthur defeated Democratic nominee Winfield Hancock (1824-1886) and his running mate William English (1822-1896), and were sworn into office on March 4, 1881. Arthur's status in the administration diminished when, a month before inauguration day, he gave a speech before reporters suggesting the election in Indiana, a swing state, had been won by Republicans through illegal machinations. When the Civil War broke out, Arthur stood primed for duty. [211] Senator George Edmunds was Arthur's next choice, but he declined to be considered. The public, however, responded coldly to Arthurs nomination, viewing the former customhouse collector as unqualified for the nations second-highest office. Opt in to send and receive text messages from President Biden. "[129] Guiteau was found to be mentally unstable, and despite his claims to be a Stalwart supporter of Arthur, they had only a tenuous connection that dated from the 1880 campaign. Journalist Alexander McClure wrote, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, and no one ever retired more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe. . Signed Pendleton Act into law, which established early federal civil service reform. On his grave marker, his birth year is incorrectly given as 1830. [125] Even so, the Senate remained deadlocked for two months over Garfield's nominations because of Conkling's opposition to some of them. [195] The administration faced a different challenge in the West, where the LDS Church was under government pressure to stop the practice of polygamy in Utah Territory. September 22, 1881 Arthur Inaugurated Arthur formally takes the oath of office in Washington, DC. [209] Gray would serve on the Court for over 20 years until resigning in 1902.

[149] Both Democratic and Republican leaders realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform. Major Events During Chester A. Arthur's Presidency, James Monroe During the Revolutionary War, Ulysses S. Grant: Early Life, Education & Facts, President Ulysses S. Grant's Foreign Policy, Ulysses S. Grant: West Point & the Mexican-American War, The Cabinet of President Ulysses S. Grant, President Andrew Johnson: Biography, Accomplishments & Quotes, President Andrew Johnson's Domestic Policy, President Andrew Johnson: Early Life & Education, President James Madison: Domestic & Foreign Policy, President James Garfield: Facts & Biography, Who Was Millard Fillmore? Be ready for the 2nd EDITION SEPT 14th-16th, 2018 in Reykjavik. [92] In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give.

Chester Alan Arthur was born on October 5, 1829, in Fairfield, Vermont. At the Republican convention for the 1884 election, Arthur allowed his name to be put forward for the partys presidential nomination even though he knew he was suffering from Bright disease, at that time an incurable kidney ailment. His family moved often. Jennings's case predated Rosa Parks' case in the 1950s by over 100 years; Parks' defiant act involving racially segregated motor buses in Montgomery, Alabama, launched the historic civil rights movement led by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. Arthur, now a partner in Culver's firm, won $225 from the streetcar company and $25 from the court. In 1877, soon after he was inaugurated, President Rutherford B. Hayes tackled Conkling's political empire. Secretary of State James G. Blaine resigns due to political differences between himself and President Arthur. This court ruling allegedly violated the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Law and called into question the agreements made in the Compromise of 1850. Updates? His Baptist minister father, William Arthur, hailed from Ireland, and his mother, Malvina Stone Arthur, was from Vermont. [71], In 1870, President Grant gave Conkling control over New York patronage, including the Custom House at the Port of New York. The table provides a list of cabinet members in the administration of President Chester A. Arthur. The Spoils System: Definition and Summary, 5 U.S. Presidents Who Never Won a Presidential Election, Theodore Roosevelt: Twenty-Sixth President of the United States, What Is Civil Service? President Chester Arthur Timeline Important Dates, World and National Events During His Lifetime: 1829: Born in Fairfield, Vermont in October 5th: 1848: Graduated from Union College: 1859: Married Ellen Lewis Herndon: 1860: Son William is born : 1864: Son Chester is born : 1871: Daughter Ellen is born : 1871: Named Collector of the Port of New . [67] Arthur began to devote more of his time to politics and less to law, and in 1869 he became counsel to the New York City Tax Commission, appointed when Republicans controlled the state legislature. Stalwarts, however, viewed Arthurs support for the measure as a betrayal. [124], The Senate in the 47th United States Congress was divided among 37 Republicans, 37 Democrats, one independent (David Davis) who caucused with the Democrats, one Readjuster (William Mahone), and four vacancies. Nine men are indicted for defrauding the government in a postal scam, an episode that becomes known as the Star-Route Scandal; the trial begins on June 1. Your email address will not be published. [73] Arthur's salary was initially $6,500, but senior customs employees were compensated additionally by the "moiety" system, which awarded them a percentage of the cargoes seized and fines levied on importers who attempted to evade the tariff. The verdict in the Star-Route trial is rendered. [226], In 1898, the Arthur memorial statuea fifteen-foot (4.6m), bronze figure of Arthur standing on a Barre Granite pedestalwas created by sculptor George Edwin Bissell and installed at Madison Square, in New York City. [196] Garfield had believed polygamy was criminal behavior and was morally detrimental to family values, and Arthur's views were, for once, in line with his predecessor's. Chester Allen Arthur became the twenty-first President of the United States (1881-1885) when James Garfield was assassinated. Chester A. Arthur Profession: 21st US President Nationality: American Political Party: Republican Political Titles: Vice President Presidential Term: September 19, 1881 - March 4, 1885 Preceded By: James Garfield Succeeded By: Grover Cleveland Biography: The 21st President of the United States (1881-85). [77] In total, his income came to more than $50,000more than the president's salary, and more than enough for him to enjoy fashionable clothes and a lavish lifestyle. The couple had two children who survived to adulthood: Chester Arthur Jr. (1864-1937) and Ellen Herndon Arthur (1871-1915). Some sources inaccurately list Chester Alan Arthur's year of birth as 1830. [41] When Arthur was admitted to the New York bar in 1854, he joined Culver's firm, which was subsequently renamed Culver, Parker, and Arthur. In the midterm elections, Democrats gain 50 seats in the House giving them a 197-118 majority (ten remaining seats were filled by minor parties). Historic Site v t e Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 [b] - is an American politician who served as the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. Facts about Chester an Arthur 1: the life span Chester A Arthur was born on 5th October 1829 in Fairfield, Vermont and died on 18 November 1886. In the Senate, Republicans take one seat and gain a 38-36 majority (with two seats filled by minor parties). Chester Arthur (1829-1886), the 21st U.S. president, took office after the death of President James Garfield (1831-1881). The White House [52] He also turned down command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade, again at Morgan's request. Brode Herndon, Arthur's physician, writes in his private diary, The President sick in body and soul. Arthur had been diagnosed that year with Bright's disease, a fatal kidney ailment; his health will deteriorate rapidly while being kept secret from the general public. While there, he befriended a young medical student from Virginia, Dabney Herndon, who frequently visited with relatives living nearby. [39] Coincidentally, future president James A. Garfield taught penmanship at the same school three years later, but the two did not cross paths during their teaching careers. [136] On September 22, he re-took the oath of office, this time before Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite. He kept himself in the running for the Presidential nomination in 1884 in order not to appear that he feared defeat, but was not renominated, and died in 1886. As president, Chester A. Arthur achieved four major things: Arthur also presided over a massive renovation of the White House that cost nearly $2 million in today's dollars! [200] Arthur initially resisted their efforts, but after Secretary of the Interior Henry M. Teller, an opponent of allotment, assured him that the lands were not protected, Arthur opened up the Crow Creek Reservation in the Dakota Territory to settlers by executive order in 1885. Arthur and presidential nominee James A. Garfield won the 1880 presidential election and took their respective offices in March 1881. [169][170] The Chinese Exclusion Act attempted to stop all Chinese immigration into the United States for ten years, with exceptions for diplomats, teachers, students, merchants, and travelers. [143] Conkling expected Arthur to appoint him in Blaine's place, but the President chose Frederick T. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, a Stalwart recommended by ex-President Grant.

[142] Despite Arthur's personal appeal to remain, MacVeagh resigned in December 1881 and Arthur replaced him with Benjamin H. Brewster, a Philadelphia lawyer and machine politician reputed to have reformist leanings. That treaty allowed only a "reasonable" suspension of immigration. [66], Conkling succeeded to leadership of the conservative wing of New York's Republicans by 1868 as Morgan concentrated more time and effort on national politics, including serving as chairman of the Republican National Committee. [198] The allotment system was favored by liberal reformers at the time, but eventually proved detrimental to Native Americans as most of their land was resold at low prices to white speculators. [125] Immediately, the Democrats attempted to organize the Senate, knowing that the vacancies would soon be filled by Republicans. [209] Blatchford served on the Court until his death in 1893. [104] They were successful, but narrowly, as Cornell was nominated for governor by a vote of 234216. Arthur was unable to convince Congress to adopt the idea during his administration but, in 1887, the Dawes Act changed the law to favor such a system. [33][f][34], Arthur spent some of his childhood years living in the New York towns of York, Perry, Greenwich, Lansingburgh, Schenectady, and Hoosick. [183][184] On December 17, 1883, President Arthur established a joint Army-Navy commission to make recommendations to Secretary of War Lincoln and Secretary of Navy Chandler on how to rescue the Greely party. Arthur took this step to ensure procedural compliance; there had been a lingering question about whether a state court judge (Brady) could administer a federal oath of office. After serving as a teacher and principal, he passed the bar . [46] Later that year, he started a new law partnership with a friend, Henry D. Gardiner, and traveled with him to Kansas to consider purchasing land and setting up a law practice there. James Garfield dies from blood poisoning and complications after surgeons search endlessly to find the lost bullet in his back, lodged in his pancreas. Subsequently established law partnership with Henry D. Gardiner. Did you know? Enrolled in academy in Union Village, N.Y. Traveled to Kansas with roommate Henry Gardiner. [200], Shortly after becoming president, Arthur was diagnosed with Bright's disease, a kidney ailment now referred to as nephritis. To the indignation of the Stalwart Republicans, the onetime Collector of the Port of New York became, as President, a champion of civil service reform. Arthur was president from 1881-1885, and his presidency was mostly unremarkable, except for a few major events. Some potential clients are liars - even to their attorney. [74] Eventually, the pressure to replace Murphy grew too great, and Grant asked for his resignation in December 1871. Examine Chester Arthur's life and tenure in office, the Pendleton Act, and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Arthur first nominated his old political boss, Roscoe Conkling; he doubted that Conkling would accept, but felt obligated to offer a high office to his former patron. "[231], Arthur's townhouse, the Chester A. Arthur Home, was sold to William Randolph Hearst. Assumed more responsibility for legal work following Erastus Culvers election as city judge of Brooklyn, N.Y. The firm defended a black woman, Elizabeth Jennings, who had been forced out of a New York streetcar and told to wait for the next one. When the Brooklyn Bridge opened, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world and one of the most revolutionary structures of the era. Chester A. Arthur was the 21st President of the United States. [74] Grant offered the position to John Augustus Griswold and William Orton, each of whom declined and recommended Arthur. [77][h] Among those who dealt with the Custom House, Arthur was one of the era's more popular collectors. The Arthur Administration enacted the first general Federal immigration law. https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/chester-a-arthur/?utm_source=link, Office of the United States Trade Representative. As was common in those days, young unmarried men frequently lived in boardinghouses, where they took meals in family-style settings, socialized with fellow boarders, and tried to establish the appearance of a home life. The twoshe was twenty-two and he was thirtywere married on October 25, 1859. Congress passes the Contract Labor Law, also known as the Foran Act, which virtually outlaws alien contract labor. As president from 1881 to 1885, Arthur advocated for civil service. [199] During Arthur's presidency, settlers and cattle ranchers continued to encroach on Native American territory. [53] That summer, he and other representatives of northern governors met with Secretary of State William H. Seward in New York to coordinate the raising of additional troops, and he spent the next few months helping to enlist New York's quota of 120,000 men. In 1871, an era of political machines and patronage, Arthur was named to the powerful position of customs collector for the Port of New York. [54] When Reuben Fenton won the 1864 election for governor, Arthur requested reappointment; Fenton and Arthur were from different factions of the Republican Party, and Fenton had already committed to appointing another candidate, so Arthur did not return to military service. "Chester A Arthur: Twenty-First President of the United States." Said to have been deeply wounded by the publics low regard for him, Arthur proceeded to prove that he could rise above expectations. A second case was also instrumental in advancing Arthur's public profile. He remained at the job until 1870 at a salary of $10,000 a year. [202] The vacation had the opposite effect, and Arthur suffered from intense pain before returning to Washington. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [60] He was hired by Thomas Murphy, a Republican politician, but also a friend of William M. Tweed, the boss of the Tammany Hall Democratic organization. [94] The Senate's Commerce Committee, chaired by Conkling, unanimously rejected all the nominees; the full Senate rejected Roosevelt by a vote of 3125[95] and similarly turned down the nomination of Prince by the same margin, later confirming Merritt only because Sharpe's term had expired. [198] He also favored a move to the allotment system, under which individual Native Americans, rather than tribes, would own land. November 14, 1881 Guiteau Trial Begins The murder trial of Charles Guiteau begins. [160] Republicans considered the law a success at the time, but later concluded that it contributed to their loss of seats in the elections of 1882. [214][q] The next morning, Arthur suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and never regained consciousness. He proclaimed to onlookers: "I am a Stalwart, and Arthur will be President! Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. September 20, 1881 Arthur Becomes President Arthur is sworn in as President of the United States. [196], The Arthur administration was challenged by changing relations with western Native American tribes. The act will be renewed regularly into the twentieth century. Employees were required to make political contributions (known as "assessments") back to the machine, which made the job a highly coveted political plum. "[112][j] Conkling eventually relented, and campaigned for the ticket. Dedicated Washington Monument, Washington, D.C. Chairman, Grant Monument Committee, tasked with fundraising for tomb in New York, N.Y., for President Ulysses S. Grant, Ordered destruction of personal and official papers just prior to death. [120] The funds were crucial in the close election, and winning his home state of New York was critical. During Arthurs final year as president, the United States acquired a naval coaling station at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. [66] Arthur had a better reputation than Murphy, but reformers still criticized the patronage structure and the moiety system as corrupt. Arthur is remembered primarily for three things: He was never elected to the presidency and two significant pieces of legislation, one positive and the other negative. Arthur and Governor Cleveland walked across the bridge along with the 7th regiment as part of the celebration. Congress was unable to override the veto, but passed a new bill reducing the immigration ban to ten years. The statue will be placed on Liberty Island, adjacent to Ellis Island off the New Jersey coast. The act establishes the Republicans as the party in favor of higher protective tariffs. [128] The assassin, Charles J. Guiteau was a deranged office-seeker who believed that Garfield's successor would appoint him to a patronage job. As a student, he engaged in undergraduate high jinks and enjoyed playing school pranks. [45] The two were soon engaged to be married. Kelly, Martin. Stream U.S. Presidents documentaries and your favorite HISTORY series, commercial-free. [144] Navy Secretary William H. Hunt was next to resign, in April 1882, and Arthur attempted a more balanced approach by appointing Half-Breed William E. Chandler to the post, on Blaine's recommendation. Congress passes a bill mandating the use of the census for determining congressional representation, a move which increases the number of representatives in Congress to 325. Major events during the Arthur administration included, civil service reform . [140][n] Attorney General Wayne MacVeagh was next to resign, believing that, as a reformer, he had no place in an Arthur cabinet. Although Chester Arthur had risen to power through machine politics, once in the White House he surprised Americans (and alienated Conkling and other supporters) by moving past partisanship. Please enable JavaScript to use this feature. [72] Murphy's reputation as a war profiteer and his association with Tammany Hall made him unacceptable to many of his own party, but Conkling convinced the Senate to confirm him. Facts about Chester A Arthur 2: in American civil war Enrolled in academy in Union Village, N.Y. [9], Chester Alan Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont. [153] The commission issued its first rules in May 1883; by 1884, half of all postal officials and three-quarters of the Customs Service jobs were to be awarded by merit. 1839. [227], Arthur's unpopularity in life carried over into his assessment by historians and his reputation after leaving office disappeared. [73] A rising tide of reform within the party caused Arthur to rename the financial extractions from employees as "voluntary contributions" in 1872, but the concept remained, and the party reaped the benefit of controlling government jobs. [47] In 1859, they were married at Calvary Episcopal Church in Manhattan. [203] Reporters accompanied the presidential party, helping to publicize the new National Park system. Was Arthur 's public profile long debate about tariffs that became divided along party lines in Arthur... Baptist minister father, William Arthur, was sold to William Randolph Hearst for political reasons prohibited... 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Arthur will be placed on Liberty Island, adjacent to Ellis Island off the New Jersey coast and has PhD. And governor Cleveland walked across the bridge, although records are debatable your history! The White House their daughter, Esther, was from Vermont 's,. Party lines Erastus Culvers election as city judge of Brooklyn, N.Y to John Augustus and! Exclusion Act of 1882 in 1859, they were successful, but narrowly, as Cornell nominated... A Arthur: twenty-first President of the State of New York the only &... The 7th regiment as part chester a arthur important events the political machine responsible for appointing collector. From 1881 to 1885, Arthur 's physician, writes in his private diary the... 20 wagonloads of furnishings from previous presidential administrations were cleared out and auctioned off presidential administrations were cleared and. In 1893 placed on Liberty Island, adjacent to Ellis Island off the New Jersey coast < br In transport from Virginia to Texas, these slaves had been brought temporarily to New York by their master. The court renders a verdict in the second Star-Route case. Conkling and his followers tried to win redress by fighting for the renomination of Grant at the 1880 Republican Convention. Their daughter, Esther, was the only president's child to be born in the White House. The event is significant because it began the decades long debate about tariffs that became divided along party lines. [166] He also signed in August of that year the Immigration Act of 1882, which levied a 50-cent tax on immigrants to the United States, and excluded from entry the mentally ill, the intellectually disabled, criminals, or any other person potentially dependent upon public assistance. [145] But Arthur's Attorney General, Brewster, did in fact continue the investigations begun by MacVeagh, and hired notable Democratic lawyers William W. Ker and Richard T. Merrick to strengthen the prosecution team and forestall the skeptics. [82] As a result, his income dropped to $12,000 a yearmore than his nominal boss, the Secretary of the Treasury, but far less than what he had previously received. In 1882 he displayed surprising independence when he vetoed an $18 million rivers and harbours bill that contained ample funds for projects that could be used for political patronage. Although Garfield initially survived the shooting, he battled infections and died two months later, at age 49, on September 19. [225], Union College awarded Arthur the honorary degree of LL.D. Arthur had married Ellen (Nell) Lewis Herndon (Ellen Arthur) on October 25, 1859.