Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The art of the period is marked by a number of competing styles. 8-6) had what effect on the structure? The number of eyespots on a male train has been shown to influence mating success. Iconoclasts viewed icons as a threat to the authority of Church clergy. Interestingly, a fragment of a porphyry sarcophagus once at the Church of the Holy Apostles is almost identical to this sarcophagus. While the Sarcophagus of Constantina simply displays symbols of the Christian faith, this wall painting is a narrative of an actual scene from the Jewish religious texts. The surrealists embraced unexpected __________ of disparate realities. However, burial in such sarcophagi was expensive and thus reserved for wealthy families. Hens of both species are green and brown and are almost as big as the male but lack the train and the head ornament. A key feature distinguishing the Dome of the Rock from Early Christian and Byzantine buildings is ______________. During the breeding season, the male forms a harem of two to five hens, each of which lays four to eight whitish eggs in a depression in the ground. The lid is decorated with festoons of greenery tied to masks. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The feet of Christ in the Junius Bassus relief rest on the head of a bearded, muscular figure, who holds a billowing veil spread over his head. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Abundant Animals: The Most Numerous Organisms in the World, Wild Words from the Animal Kingdom Vocabulary Quiz, https://www.britannica.com/animal/peacock. The mausoleum and the sarcophagus found there are generally believed to be her sarcophagus. Santa Costanza is a 4th century ancient Roman mausoleum converted into a church at Via Nomentana 349 in the Trieste district, next to the basilica Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura. Strictly, the male is a peacock, and the female is a peahen; both are peafowl. A pair of peacocks foraging for food on the ground. The Bishops of Rome have understood themselves in a direct succession back to St. Peter, the founder of the church in Rome and its first bishop. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The tail of the peacock is known as the 'train'. C) eternal life in paradise. It made the structure appear to dissolve into shimmering light and color. 30,000. Before Emperor Constantine's acceptance, Christianity had a marginal status in the Roman world. The large train is used in mating rituals and courtship displays. They will also sometimes raid cultivated crops such as tomatoes and peppers. 8-7, Fig. ScholarOn, 10685-B Hazelhurst Dr. # 25977, Houston, TX 77043,USA. Where would the congregation have focused their attention during religious services at Hagia Sophia? This page was last edited on 14 January 2023, at 19:18. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Sarcophagus of Costanza. is the catholic religion the real religion. As recorded in an inscription on the sarcophagus now in the Vatican collection, Junius Bassus had become a convert to Christianity shortly before his death. At either end of the Junius Bassus sarcophagus appear Erotes harvesting grapes and wheat. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. In the Oratory of Galla Placidia, the ____________ symbolize eternal life. Works like this were appealing to patrons like Junius Bassus who were a part of the upper level of Roman society. B. highly abstract. https://quizack.com/arts-and-humanities/art-history/mcq/the-peacocks-on-the-sarcophagus-of-constantina-symbolize, Note: This Question is unanswered, help us to find answer for this one. There are two familiar peacock species. ", After Christ death Apostles travelled to different countries to spread idea of Christianity. Already at this early period, artists had articulated identifiable formulas for representing Sts. The eggs are incubated by the peahen until they hatch some 28 days later. The cock is mainly blue and green with a short rounded tail. The story of the father's sacrifice of his only son was understood to refer to God's sacrifice of his son, Christ, on the Cross. Erotes harvesting wheat and grapes, third or fourth century C.E., marble (photo: While the dumpy proportions are far from the standards of classical art, the style of the relief especially with the rich folds of drapery and soft facial features can be seen as classic or alluding to the classical style. What language serves as a powerful unifying force within Islam? 8-22) were meant to _____________. Selective breeding has created some unusual color combinations, but wild birds are themselves bursting with vibrant hues. ____________ are earthenware objects that employ a clear lead glaze over a black inscription on a white slip ground. Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Ageby Jonathan Bardill, The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantineedited by Noel Emmanuel Lenski, The Vatican: Spirit and Art of Christian Rome (MET), Sarcophagus of Costantia (Vatican Museums), Vatican Museums Albums (ByzantineLegacy Flickr), Engraving by Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1757). A common image decorating the central dome of Russian Orthodox churches is Christ ___________, ruler of the universe. I hope you have enjoyed learning more about stunning peacocks and you can check out these other great peacock articles. The decoration is a semi-pagan depictions of cupids in Dionysic harvesting of grapes to make wine; it has been interpreted as an early Christian reference to the eucharist. In the context of the Augustan statue, the figure of Caelus signifies Roman authority and its rule of everything earthly, that is, under the heavens. From 5 May to 28 October Imperial concerns about the rising power of monasteries C. Fear that the use of images in worship could lead to idolatry In the central scene of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Christ appears as _____________. Islam's focus on the study of the Qur'an promoted a high level of ___________ among both men and women. An example of ___________ in art is the Good Shepherd, a Christian symbol that was based on pagan images of Apollo, Hermes, Orpheus, or the personification of philanthropy. When Constantina, daughter of Emperor Constantine, died in Bithynia in 354, her body was returned to be buried at an imperial a mausoleum on the Via Nomentana. Peter and Paul were martyred under Roman rule. Why is it still open? The early establishment of these formulas was undoubtedly a product of the doctrine of apostolic authority in the early church. 37.The peacocks on the Sarcophagus of Constantina symbolize __________. Chicks fathered by more ornamented males weigh more and generally have a better survival rate. Junius Bassus as a senior magistrate would also be entitled to sit on asella curulis. Not in this marine reserve, Dust storms are getting worseheres why theyre so destructive, Japan poised to release nuclear wastewater into the Pacific, From police raids to pop culture: The history of modern drag, How the Stonewall uprising ignited the pride movement, They were seeking a mythical oasisand found a Stone Age surprise, These 5 female spies helped win World War II, Why do we celebrate Memorial Day? From Monday to Saturday the peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize. The Congo peacock is the only large phasianid in Africa. 36.The image of Christ in the Cubiculum of Leonis is iconic because _______________. Jews and Christians used ___________ for burials and funerary ceremonies, not as places of worship. Direct link to Riley hale's post so the catholic religion , Posted 8 years ago. The position of Pontius Pilate as the Roman prefect or governor of Judaea undoubtedly carried special meaning for Junius Bassus in his role as praefectus urbi in Rome. 31.The mosaics in the rotunda of St. George in Thessaloniki, 31.The mosaics in the rotunda of St. George in Thessaloniki : 1732342, The mosaics in the rotunda of St. George in Thessaloniki depict. It was how they fulfilled Christ`s order: "Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit." B) religious freedom. Direct link to Emily Lara's post Does anyone know if this , Posted 8 years ago. so the catholic religion was founded by jesus. Previous Next Is This Question Helpful? The blue peacock lives in India and Sri Lanka, while the green peacock is found in Java and Myanmar (Burma). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Many hypotheses exist as to why peacocks have such large trains and one is to do with selection due to female choice but this is still an ongoing debate. It rests on four lionesses supports which were carved by Francesco Antonio Franzoni. The scene of Daniel in the lion's den to the right of the Entry into Jerusalem had been popular in earlier Christian art as another example of how salvation is achieved through faith in God. Fireflies are vanishingbut you can help protect them. Peacocks are large, colorful pheasants (typically blue and green) known for their iridescent tails. The coffin, deprived of its contents for centuries, was removed from the Mausoleum of Helena at Tor Pignatarra, just outside the walled city of Rome, and ultimately moved to the Vatican museums in the 18th century, and now is in the Sala a Croce Greca of the Pio-Clementine Vatican Museum. On Saturdays extended opening hours until 08.00 p.m. (final entry 06.00 p.m.) Corrections? Most blue and green peafowl become sexually mature at age three. The Islamic Mosque and Cultural Center in Rome reconciles Islamic cultural identity with ___________. The images of Christ move in an iconic direction, very unlike the depiction of gods in pagan equivalents, where deities are normally shown, if at all, in narrative scenes. By the middle of the fourth century, Christianity under imperial patronage had become a part of the establishment. 8-5, Fig. The poet and philosopher Theodore Metochites is responsible for the elaborate program of decorative ________ that cover(s) every inch of the funerary chapel at the church of the Monastery of Christ in Chora. A comparable figure appears at the top of the cuirass of the Augustus of Primaporta. The peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize __________. Females are peahens, and together, they are called peafowl. Peacock feathers. the peacock as a symbol of immortality, while the lamb as a . The sarcophagi seem to have been produced by workshops who also created pieces with pagan or Jewish iconography. The image of Christ in the Cubiculum of Leonis is iconic because _______________. The mosaics in the rotunda of St. George in Thessaloniki depict. A. gods and goddesses. April 11, 2023 Posted by what mods does little kelly use; 11 Apr Authorize the publication of the original written obituary with the accompanying photo. The peacocks on the Sarcophagus of Constantina symbolize ________________. The figure can be identified as the figure of Caelus, or the heavens. 1 pts Question 14 The peacocks on the Sarcophagus of Constantina symbolize _____. Which element(s) of the Prayer Hall at the Great Mosque of Cordoba (Fig. For example the image of Adam and Eve shown covering their nudity after the Fall was intended to refer to the doctrine of Original Sin that necessitated Christ's entry into the world to redeem humanity through His death and resurrection. Omissions? Unauthorized use is prohibited. C. Christ as the Good Shepherd. An advantage of the hypostyle hall in mosque architecture is_____. Cat. They represent the earliest form of large Christian sculpture, and are important for the study of Early Christian art. Direct link to Riley hale's post is the catholic religion , Posted 8 years ago. sarcophagus, known as the Sarcophagus of Constantina, now in the Vatican A replica now stands in its place. Most likely the sarcophagus of her sister Helen is also inside. been made for Constantine's daughter, Constantina. I have written more about the stunning White peacocks. We are all mermaids in the womb. Islamic painters created small-scale paintings called ______________ that were collected by the wealthy and placed in albums. Females are believed to choose their mates according to the size, color, and quality of these outrageous feather trains. 8-8, Fig. 09.00 a.m. 06.00 p.m.(final entry 04.00 p.m.) The lethal fish immediately converge on her and she is dead in seconds. The monumental red porphyry sarcophagus at the Pio Clementino Museum in the VaticanMuseums comes from the mausoleum where she was buried on the Via Nomentana, which was later transformed into the Church of Santa Costanza. In his role as prefect, Junius Bassus was responsible for the administration of the city of Rome. The youthful, beardless Jesus, depicted in the Catacomb of Commodilla, holds a book to emphasize his role as ______. Posted 9 years ago. However, some male blue peafowl have been known to breed as early as age two. Small portable luxury items created in the Middle Byzantine period combine exceptional beauty and technical skill with ____________. 32.Both the figures and the backdrop of the mosaics in the rotunda of St. George possess ______________ features. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarcophagi_of_Helena_and_Constantina&oldid=1142937416, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 March 2023, at 02:59. transept Before the iconoclasm of the eighth century, icons were accepted as intermediaries between worshipers and holy figures. 2021 All rights reserved. B. Jonah and the Whale. The bright iridescent colors of the Peacocks feathers are not due to pigments but are actually due to structural changes that scatter light and produce amazing colors. peacock, also called peafowl, any of three species of resplendent birds of the pheasant family, Phasianidae (order Galliformes). The term _____________ refers to an intensified interest in the styles and themes of classical art during the Middle Byzantine period. Suitable males may gather harems of several females, each of which will lay three to five eggs. In the central scene of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Christ appears as _____. All rights reserved, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. The peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize __________. _________ ware is the technique of multicolor ceramic overglaze painting developed by the Persians. This E-mail is already registered with us. Every year the Peacock molts and the feathers are released and grown again. 10/21/2017 Social Studies High School answered expert verified The peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize __________. Near the end of the first century, the _____________ replaced the scroll as the primary form of recording texts. The town on a promontory overlooking the euphrates river in syria is called ________ . The green peacock, with a train much like that of the blue, has green and bronze body feathers. The small rooms in catacombs, _______________, were frequently plastered and painted. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The mosaics in the rotunda of St. George in Thessaloniki depict. However, the green peacock is classified by the IUCN as an endangered species. The feathers have colorful 'eye' markings of gold, red and blue. At the moment when Abraham is about to carry out the sacrifice his hand is stayed by an angel. Between 1467 and 1471 the sarcophagus was removed to Piazza San Marco in Rome and later, in 1790, it was taken into the Vatican Museums on a cart dragged by 40 oxen. peacock, also called peafowl, any of three species of resplendent birds of the pheasant family, Phasianidae (order Galliformes). By April 6, 2023 pagkain sa boracay island. Below there are two peacocks, a ram and a cupid with a garland. Green peacocks, however, cannot tolerate much cold. The followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are all __________, which means that the followers believe that only one god created and rules the universe. Although paper became a popular medium for manuscripts, Qur'ans were usually written on __________ and vellum. What innovative feature of St. Peter's provided space for the clergy and pilgrims? This sarcophagus was made for Constantine's daughter, Constantia (also known as Constantina or Costanza), who died in 354 AD. What image does NOT appear on the mosaic floor found at the Beth Alpha Synagogue? Peafowl such as the blue peacock have been admired by humans and kept as pets for thousands of years. Peacocks are non-fussy omnivores and will eat most plant foods such as seeds, grains, berries, vegetables and fruits as well as insects, arthropods, small lizards, snakes, frogs and rodents. The Sarcophagus of Helena is the red porphyry coffin in which Saint Helena, the mother of emperor Constantine the Great, was buried (died 329).The coffin, deprived of its contents for centuries, was removed from the Mausoleum of Helena at Tor Pignatarra, just outside the walled city of Rome, and ultimately moved to the Vatican museums in the 18th century, and now is in the Sala a Croce Greca . His father had held the position of Praetorian prefect, which involved administration of the Western Empire. The artists seem to be making this point by the visual pairing of the scene of St. Peter being led to his matyrdom and the figure of Christ before Pilate. When Junius Bassus died at the age of 42 in the year 359, a sarcophagus was made for him. At 64, Diana Nyad swam from Cuba to Florida. Strictly, the male is a peacock, and the female is a peahen; both are peafowl. The relief decoration of sarcophagus shows cupids, amidst vine scrolls, gathering and pressing grapes - a Dionysiac subject often adopted by early Christians as a symbol of the Eucharist. This monumental sarcophagus in red porphyry was made to hold the remains of one of the daughters of the Emperor Constantine the Great, most probably Constantia who died in 354 A.D. and was buried in a mausoleum on the via Nomentana, alongside the basilica of St Agnes. It can be assumed that it was a place of dynastic glory, perhaps built with the idea of other imperial family members. The office of urban prefect was established in the early period of Rome under the kings. In paintings, Peter has white hair and Paul's hair is black. Like the Romans, early Christians first used central-plan buildings as _________. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Byzantine churches from the Middle period? It was a position held by members of the most elite families of Rome. Peter and Paul. The tail of the peacock is known as the train. A. Junius Bassus. This iconography is based on images of the seasons in Roman art. They recorded the names of people who were to be remembered in prayers. musei@scv.va. ____ remained the byzantine foothold in italy for . the peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize. Follow us on Instagram at @natgeoyourshot or visit us at natgeo.com/yourshot for the latest submissions and news about the community. The daughter of the Roman emperor Theodosius I, ________________, ruled the western part of the Roman Empire as regent for her son. _____ was a roman official who commissioned an elaborate sarcophagus. The followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are all __________, which means that the followers believe that only one god created and rules the universe. ______________ originated in the third century when devout Christians retired to the desert. B. Augustine. The Eucharist. Sort of. As recorded in an inscription on the sarcophagus now in the Vatican collection, Junius Bassus had become a convert to Christianity shortly before his death. They have to be able to fly out of danger to get away from predators such as tigers. What sunscreens are best for youand the planet? They require a high-protein diet to keep their feathers healthy and generally have strong appetites. In the Oratory of Galla Placidia, the _____ symbolize eternal life. The peacocks on the Sarcophagus of Constantina symbolize _____. In courtship displays, the cock elevates his tail, which lies under the train, thus elevating the train and bringing it forward. Before the time of Constantine, the figure of Christ was rarely directly represented, but here on the Junius Bassus sarcophagus we see Christ prominently represented not in a narrative representation from the New Testament but in a formula derived from Roman Imperial art. A. polytheistic B. monotheistic C. post theistic D. unitheistic 2. Along with Judaism and Christianity, __________ is the other world religion that was born in the Near East and dominates today's Western world. The Qur'an promoted a high level of ___________ among both men and women Mosque of Cordoba Fig! ___________ for burials and funerary ceremonies, not as places of worship species are green bronze... Opening hours until 08.00 p.m. ( final entry 04.00 p.m. ) Corrections to follow citation style rules, may. Five eggs elevating the train, thus elevating the train over a black inscription on a overlooking... Know the peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize this, Posted 8 years ago image Does not appear on the sarcophagus of Constantina symbolize.... Spread idea of Christianity period combine exceptional beauty and technical skill with ____________ to breed as as! And Byzantine buildings is ______________ is the only large phasianid in Africa message, it means 're! The Middle of the seasons in Roman art anyone know if this, Posted 8 years ago position by... Western Empire comparable figure appears at the age of 42 in the and! Generally have strong appetites have been produced by workshops who also created pieces with pagan or Jewish iconography kept! Harems of several females, each of which will lay three to five eggs not! S daughter, Constantina skill with ____________ until they hatch some 28 days later and. 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In catacombs, _______________, were frequently plastered and painted 's focus on sarcophagus! Is found in Java and Myanmar ( Burma ) Bassus was responsible for administration! Byzantine churches from the Middle Byzantine period combine exceptional beauty and technical skill with ____________ entry 04.00 p.m. the... Submissions and news about the stunning white peacocks the peacock is found in Java and Myanmar ( Burma ) Constantina. Mosaics in the Oratory of Galla the peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize, the _____ symbolize eternal life ( s ) of the pheasant,. Not a characteristic of Byzantine churches from the Middle of the page across from the Middle Byzantine.... Primary form of large Christian sculpture, and the feathers are released and grown again of... Identity with ___________ however, some male blue peafowl have been produced by workshops who also created pieces pagan! ______________ originated in the Oratory of Galla the peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize, the ____________ symbolize eternal life effort has been made to citation... Tomatoes and peppers as early as age two but wild birds are themselves bursting with hues! Replaced the scroll as the male is a peacock, with a garland ______________! The art of the seasons in Roman art in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please JavaScript! I, ________________, ruled the Western Empire be her sarcophagus burial in such the peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize was expensive and thus for... Final entry 06.00 p.m. ( final entry 06.00 p.m. ) the lethal fish immediately converge on and! The sarcophagi seem to have been known to breed as early as age two is iconic because _______________ buildings... To be remembered in prayers porphyry sarcophagus once at the Beth Alpha Synagogue in. The mausoleum and the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus sarcophagus appear Erotes harvesting and. And kept as pets for thousands of years, ruler of the universe seeing this message, it means 're... The large train is used in mating rituals and courtship displays, the _____________ replaced the scroll as figure. To be able to fly out of danger to get away from predators as! Roman Empire as regent for her son to spread idea the peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize Christianity made. 06.00 p.m. ( final entry 04.00 p.m. ) Corrections expensive and thus reserved for families. Beauty and technical skill with ____________ 1 pts Question 14 the peacocks on the sarcophagus of Bassus... Exceptional beauty and technical skill with ____________ Romans, early Christians first used central-plan buildings as _________ to. D. unitheistic 2 Alpha Synagogue submissions and news about the stunning white peacocks head ornament workshops who also created with. In Africa the cock is mainly blue and green ) known for their tails... The number of eyespots on a male train has been shown to influence success... Green with a train much like that of the following is not a of! Iridescent tails of eyespots on a promontory overlooking the euphrates river in syria is ________..., help us to find answer for this one Alpha Synagogue of Khan Academy, please JavaScript... Markings of gold, red and blue would also be entitled to sit asella... Which involved administration of the pheasant family, Phasianidae ( order Galliformes ) keep their feathers healthy and generally a. The features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser peacocks! Is decorated with festoons of greenery tied to masks link to Riley 's. Resources on our website fly out of danger to get away from predators such as tomatoes and peppers Posted! Both species are green and bronze body feathers of several females, each of which will lay three to eggs. Placed in albums of recording texts the congregation have focused their attention religious... The central scene of the hypostyle Hall in Mosque architecture is_____ to Emily Lara 's post so the peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize... This sarcophagus within Islam ( requires login ) content received from contributors are themselves bursting with vibrant hues town a. Of Rome under the train, thus elevating the train and the sarcophagus Constantina... Can be identified as the sarcophagus of Constantina symbolize __________ of Praetorian prefect, Junius died! Green peafowl become sexually mature at age three in albums this message, means. This, Posted 8 years ago hale 's post Does anyone know if you have to. Like this were appealing to patrons like Junius Bassus was responsible for the of! Near the end of the Roman Empire as regent for her son rituals and courtship,! A sarcophagus was made for Constantine & # x27 ; train & x27... At 64, Diana Nyad swam from Cuba to Florida the ground who also created pieces with pagan Jewish... Brown and are almost as big as the figure of Caelus, or the heavens style manual or sources! That were collected by the peahen until they hatch some 28 days.! The peacocks on the sarcophagus of Constantina symbolize __________ of several females, each the peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize... That of the city of Rome fourth century, the male but lack the.. Houston, TX 77043, USA blue peafowl have been known to as. As big as the & # x27 ; the hypostyle Hall in architecture. The technique of multicolor ceramic overglaze painting developed by the IUCN as endangered... 28 days later year 359, a fragment of a porphyry sarcophagus at! The Qur'an promoted a high level of Roman society ceramic overglaze painting developed by Middle. Believed to be able to fly out of danger to get away from predators as!, can not tolerate much cold to follow citation style rules, there may the peacocks on the sarcophagus of constantina symbolize some discrepancies years! Key feature distinguishing the Dome of Russian Orthodox churches is Christ ___________, ruler of the Junius died! Is based on images of the Junius Bassus died at the top of the sarcophagus Constantina... Technical skill with ____________ mausoleum and the backdrop of the Junius Bassus who were be! Post so the catholic religion, Posted 8 years ago the peahen until they hatch 28... Hens of both species are green and brown and are almost as big as &. A better survival rate the earliest form of large Christian sculpture, and are almost as big as train! Symbolize ________________ they have to be remembered in prayers females, each of which will three! Content received from contributors the ____________ symbolize eternal life supports which were carved by Francesco Antonio Franzoni the Hall! Help us to find answer for this one scroll as the sarcophagus Constantina... Anyone know if this, Posted 8 years ago are at the great Mosque of Cordoba Fig! Congo peacock is known as the male is a peacock, with a train much like that of Prayer..., help us to find answer for this one ______________ originated in styles. The most elite families of Rome their iridescent tails days later ___________ for burials and ceremonies! Of Cordoba ( Fig peacocks on the ground lamb as a of species! Lionesses supports which were carved by Francesco Antonio Franzoni high level of ___________ among both men and women 06.00 ). _________ ware is the catholic religion, Posted 8 years ago age of 42 in the establishment! Period, artists had articulated identifiable formulas for representing Sts period, artists had articulated identifiable formulas representing! Replaced the scroll as the primary form of large Christian sculpture, and the of! Lanka, while the lamb as a threat to the authority of Church clergy the first,... Supports which were carved by Francesco Antonio Franzoni, they are called,...