do we have dynamics in temperature and rainfall in ethiopia

22, no. Trend analysis for the long-termaverage temperature and rainfall of Ethiopia during 1901 to 2015 has been performed to understand the pattern of these important meteorological features under climate change. The results were in line with the recent studies that stated the frequency of the drought cycle has been changing over time in Ethiopia. However, the spatial and temporal patterns, intensity, and impact of extreme climate on socioeconomic activities are different from region to region. The three ensemble models employed for our study are CanESM2 with a resolution of 2.812.79 degrees from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (Canada), CSIRO-MK3.6.0 with a resolution of 1.8751.865 degrees from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia), and GFDLESM2 with a resolution of 2.022 degrees from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and downloaded from PCMDI (http://pcmdi3.llnl.gov/esgcet). 24512473, 1999. First author would like to thank Government of India for providing funding support in the form of CV Raman fellowship for African researchers. Towards Ethiopia's borders, elevations decrease and temperatures rise accordingly. The increment rate is most likely similar to the global rate (0.13C per decade) [1]. Most of the projected temperature extremes show an increasing trend in the coming decades, and these extremes may affect various socioeconomic activities. Ethiopan malaria scenario may be more influenced by other variables than minimum temperature. 18991922, 2001. cQO~ ]" cxQa It has to be noted that certain seasons should have special considerations. 21772183, 2007. 1-2, pp. 3, pp. Ethiopia as a large country in the Horn of Africa is characterized by a wide variety of altitudinal ranges and diverse climatic conditions. (a) Topographical map of Ethiopia (m). The Autumn equinox: appears to happen when the sun crosses equator giving approximately equal length between day and night. do we have dynamics in temperature and rainfall in ethiopia The average daily mean is around 78 degrees Fahrenheit (25 degrees Celsius), but average highs for the hottest month, June, exceed 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). IPCC, in Contribution of working group i to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, p. 881, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001. Every year, approximately three million Ethiopians are affected by crop production shortfalls adding to the 7.6 million supported every year by the Productive Safety Net Program, a social safety net supporting some of Ethiopias poorest and most food-insecure families [6] because of extreme drought. Explore the overview for a general context of how climate change is affecting Ethiopia. The EOF analysis of seasonal rainfall over Ethiopia showed a decreasing trend (Figure 4). Restore content access for purchases made as guest, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health, 48 hours access to article PDF & online version. GOE, Joint Government and Humanitarian Partners Document, Government of Ethiopia and partners, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2015. Previous studies indicate that vegetation and lakes in arid and semi-arid regions are closely related to climate change. B. Simane, B. Zaitchik, and M. Ozdogan, Agroecosystem Analysis of the choke mountain watersheds, Ethiopia, Sustainability, vol. 1, pp. 18, no. Web Los Angeles Times, 27 Jan. 2023 Existing models of glacier dynamics and ice discharge underestimate the actual rate of ice loss in recent decades. Its average annual rainfall is less than 200 mm, and average annual temperature is over 27.5oc. Latitude, humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperature conditions in Ethiopia. The major gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect include Water vapor, Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane, Nitrous oxide, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).Although, methane is less abundant in atmosphere, it is by far more active greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. 3, pp. Southern regions of Ethiopia experience two distinct wet seasons, Belg, from February to May, and Bega occurring from October to December, which has drier and colder conditions. During this time, the central highlands, southeastern highlands and lowlands receives rainfall as the south easterlies bring moist winds. Ethiopia is one and among the ten countries with fastest economy growth in the globe today. 11-12, pp. 3LA0S)d L~+0y}}}} 8, pp. Different places that exist on the same plane or angle of the rays of the sun might be expected to experience equal temperature. However, there is greater concern regarding the extent and especially quality of the In contrast, the projected spatial analysis of percentile-based extremes shows that the frequency of cold nights (TN10) evidently decreased, while the frequency of warm nights (TN90p) is dominated by a pronounced positive trend over Ethiopia (Figure 13). High average temperatures during most of the year. 8, pp. 1215, 2011. 463, no. To encompass the system, it needs an understanding of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITC), pressure cells, and Trade Winds.Rainfall in Ethiopia is the result is influenced by the position of Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). 1-2, pp. The average rate at which temperature changes per unit of altitudinal change is known as lapse rate. [69] who reported that maximum one-day and five-day precipitation totals over a year are projected to increase over a majority of the Greater Horn of Africa including our study area. 156 0 obj <> endobj Eastern Ethiopia is typically warm and dry, while the Northern Highlands are cool and wet in season. f+`BLfV0[_W~_W~_W~_W~_W~_W~Ya6z1z1z1z1z1z< 4lqyig ? ?[^skxTOS0d};H].;+ +

Thus temperature, as it is affected by altitude, decreases towards the interior highlands. Water stress is already a challenge in various economic sectors [72]. JJAS is the main rainy season, and the magnitude of rainfall is higher than other seasons for many parts of the country. 135, no. G. A. Meehl, T. F. Stocker, W. D. Collins et al., Global Climate Projections, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007. Webfind figurative language in my text generator. It refers to any change in climate over time, due to either natural variability or human activities. For this study, the quality control was carried out by using the R-based statistical package of RClimDex v1.0 and RHtest tools. WebThe period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees. 0000089621 00000 n Even in the hottest months (March to May), average highs rarely exceed 77 degrees Fahrenheit (25 degrees Celsius). Throughout the year, temperatures drop quickly once the sun goes down, and frosty mornings are common. Rains typically begin in the south and central parts of the country during the Belg season, then goes to northward, with central and northern Ethiopia receiving most of their precipitation during the Kiremt season. As indicated by World Bank [63], the climate change is predicted to reduce the gross domestic product (GDP) growth of Ethiopia between 0.5 and 2.5% each year. Bereha is the hot arid climate of the desert lowlands.

222, 2018. At the surface, drainage patterns are interrupted by faulting, and deposition occurs in basins, with rainfall and weathering controlled by climate. ]OB_ku.toi3~>[_qsYz-]KeeSYJlE@kAo[0hha67;i0{=~^{:=B& lB& lB& lB& lB& lB& l During kiremt (long rainy) season, maximum seasonal rainfall of453.2mm were recorded while, its minimum value(39.6mm) were received in bega (dry) season, respectively. Following the position of the overhead sun, the ITCZ shifts north and south of the equator.As the shift takes place, equatorial westerlies from the south and southwest invade most parts of Ethiopia bringing moist winds.However, these winds decrease the length of rainy seasons and magnitudes on the line of the shift. The highest mean maximum temperature in the country is recorded in the Afar Depression.Moreover, lowlands of north-western, western and south-eastern Ethiopian experiences mean maximum temperatures of more than 300C.Environmental influences have their own traditional expressions in Ethiopia and there are local terms denoting temperature zones as shown in the table below: The temporal distribution of Ethiopian temperature is characterized by extremes.The major controls determining its distributions are latitude and cloud cover. This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1507101). 33833385, 2003. As pointed out by Sarofim et al. 34, no. Ethiopian seasons are classified into three: the driest season is called Bega (October to January), Belg (February to May) and the rainy season Kiremt (June to September). 6, pp.
The increase (decrease) of precipitation extremes in terms of both excess and deficient extreme precipitation can cause major societal impacts including flash flooding, crop destruction, loss of life, drought, and infrastructure damage. December 2020. As already explained, temperature is high during the daytime in some places, and is considerably reduced at night resulting maximum difference in the daily range. 153180, 2005. Anouk is a travel writer, editor, and agent raised in Malawi and Kenya with more than 15 years of experience working in the African travel industry. The eastern corner of the country is very arid and experiences very little rainfall. The summer Solstice: on June 21st, the northern hemisphere has maximum tilt towards the sun experiencing longest daylight of the year. The inlet is part of the even more massive Glacier Bay that boasts more than a WebDo we have dynamics in temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia? C. Parmesan, T. L. Root, and M. R. Willig, Impacts of extreme weather and climate on terrestrial biota, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. %%EOF There are some mitigation measures that can be taken to avoid the increase of pollutant emissions. The temporal variability of rainfall is characterized by; Based on rainfall distribution, both in space and time, four rainfall regions can be identified in Ethiopia and the Horn. 13791389, 1968. The result identify potential synergies and tensions between the goals of resilience and climate smart agriculture, and raises the question of whether fully climate-smart goals are viable in these systems. 6, Article ID 065004, 2018. Although the days are clear and sunny, be prepared for the fact that nighttime temperatures can dip as low as 40 degrees Fahrenheit (5 degrees Celsius). 12, no. @'d\0KxI(=|` Maximum mean annual rainfall amounts of 1750 to 2250mm are observed over the southwest-northwest parts of Ethiopia (Figure 1(c)). 89, no. [20] indicated continuous variability and reduction of the number of heavy rainy days over the Greater Horn of Africa including Ethiopia. Rain falls infrequently in this area, although the river itself serves to keep the land fertile even at the height of the dry season. 88100, United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan, 2001. changes in land-use patterns in Awi Zone, Ethiopia, during the last 34 y ears and its relationship with land surface temperature (LST) and rainfall using digital change detection appr oaches. In these seasons, rainfall totals up to 500 mm, that means adequate for watering for viable farming and pastures. The warming of earth planet in the past 50 years is majorly driven by human activities. The Climate of Ethiopia is highly diverse, ranging from equatorial rainforest with high rainfall and humidity in the south and southwest, to Afromontane regions on the summits of Semien and Bale Mountains to desert region in northeast, east and southeast Ethiopia.

% 16, no. Seasonal rainfall in Ethiopia is driven mainly by the migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and there is strong inter-annual variability of rainfall across the country. 747756, 2010. Under normal conditions there is a general decrease in temperature with increasing elevation. [79] indicated that the temperature is likely to increase by 35C in the African tropics during 20712100 relative to 19611990 under the high-emission scenario including Ethiopia. Moreover, the three leading modes of JJAS indicated 38.4%, 21.2%, and 10.9%, respectively, and the first mode shows that 38.4% was a positive trend over most parts of Ethiopia (Figure 4). EOF analysis is used to investigate the performance of FMAM and JJAS seasonal rainfall over Ethiopia by using the monthly gridded CRU TS4.01 dataset. Observed temperature and precipitation extremes for selected stations. The annual mean maximum and minimum temperatures had a slight increasing trend at 0.02 and 0.05, 0.03 and 0.027, and 0.015 and 0.013C per decade over Addis Ababa, Jimma, and Combolcha, respectively, during 1980 to 2010, and the increment is high over Combolcha (Table 3). 0000088529 00000 n So, projecting the future precipitation and temperature extremes is important for providing the general information on the trend, intensity, frequency, and changes of climate extremes and their potential impact over different socioeconomic activities [2]. Throughout the year, temperatures drop quickly once the sun goes down, and frosty mornings are common. The watershed is situated between 63818 N to 8657 N latitudes and 37476 E to 382014 E longitude. A chronology of extreme events over Ethiopia from 1920 to 2016 compiled and sourced from the studies in [. The best time to visit Addis is duringthe dry season (November to February). Locally heavy rainfall possible. G. J. Y. The MannKendall test was used to assess the magnitude and significance of the changes. It was found that the frequency of warm spell duration indicator days has increased, while the frequency of cold days has decreased. 628650, 2007. Webfind figurative language in my text generator. is it warming or cooling Voir la rponse douabdira1 douabdira1 Rponse: yes Ethiopia experiences dynamics in temperature and rainfall patterns. The seasonal and annual rainfall variations are results of the macro-scale pressure systems and monsoon flows which are related to the changes in the pressure systems. 0000088798 00000 n Study concludes that there is an increase in the average temperature in Ethiopia but, it constitutes ahigh degree of stability in rainfall rate and distribution. This is a trusted computer. V. N. Dike, M. H. Shimizu, M. Diallo, Z. Lin, O. K. Nwofor, and T. C. Chineke, Modelling present and future African climate using CMIP5 scenarios in HadGEM2-ES, International Journal of Climatology, vol. Hence, these determining factors are called controls of weather and climate or climatic controls. C. Funk, M. D. Dettinger, J. C. Michaelsen et al., Warming of the Indian Ocean threatens eastern and southern African food security but could be mitigated by agricultural development, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. A regression model of previous monthly rainfall at lag 0 and Lag 2, monthly mean maximum temperature at lag 2 and Lag 3, and monthly mean minimum temperature at lag 3 were found as the best prediction model for monthly malaria incidence. Among the 12, seven of the drought events occurred since 1980. The results of Modified MannKendall trend analysis for average temperature revealed asignificant increasing trend from 1961 to 2015. 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Weather is the condition of atmosphere over a short period of time. 532537, 2013. Prolonged exposure to high-temperature extremes can cause heat-related illness, including heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and death. The variability of precipitation extremes decreases consecutive wet days and the number of rainy days and increases consecutive dry days over Ethiopia. DYgw^.eJ[:e2W:s0>Ea2hal^t#"MG'cXuYCz[M'*. P. D. Jones and M. Hulme, Calculating regional climatic time series for temperature and precipitation: methods and illustrations, International Journal of Climatology, vol.